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The 9×19mm Parabellum (abbreviated 9mm, 9mmP, 9×19mm or 9×19) cartridge was designed by Georg Luger and introduced in 1902 by the German weapons manufacturer Deutsche Waffen- und Munitionsfabriken (DWM) for their Luger semi-automatic pistol.〔Hogg, Ian V.; Weeks, John S. ''Military Small Arms of the 20th Century (7th Edition)'', p.40. Krause Publications, 2000〕 For this reason, it is designated as the 9mm Luger / 9mm Luger +P by the SAAMI〔(SAAMI 9mm Luger / 9mm Luger +P cartridge and chamber drawings )〕 and the 9 mm Luger by the C.I.P. (differentiating it from the 9mm Makarov and 9mm Browning cartridges). Under STANAG 4090, it is a standard cartridge for NATO forces as well as many non-NATO countries.〔(NATO Infantry Weapons Standardization, Per G. Arvidsson, ChairmanWeapons & Sensors Working GroupLand Capability Group 1 – Dismounted Soldier NATO Army Armaments Group )〕 The name ''Parabellum'' is derived from the Latin: ''Si vis pacem, para bellum'' ("If you seek peace, prepare for war"), which was the motto of DWM. According to the 2006 edition of ''Cartridges of the World'', the 9×19mm Parabellum is "the world's most popular and widely used military handgun cartridge."〔 In addition to being used by over 60% of police in the U.S., ''Newsweek'' credits 9×19mm Parabellum pistol sales with making semi-automatic pistols more popular than revolvers.〔Adler, Jerry, et al. "Story of a Gun." ''Newsweek'' 149.18 (30 April 2007): 36–39. MasterFILE Premier. EBSCO. Dallas Public Library, Dallas, TX. retrieved 10 June 2009. (''Newsweek'' online edition )〕 The popularity of this cartridge can be attributed to the widely held conviction that it is effective in police and self-defense use.〔Davis, William C. (1986). ''Handloading'', Second Printing: National Rifle Association. ISBN 0-935998-34-9 p242-243〕 Its low cost and wide availability contribute to the caliber's continuing popularity. ==Origins== Georg Luger developed the 9×19mm Parabellum cartridge from his earlier 7.65×21mm Parabellum round, which itself was derived from the original 7.65×25mm Borchardt cartridge in the Borchardt C-93 pistol. Shortening the length of the cartridge case used in the Borchardt pistol allowed him to improve the design of the toggle lock and to incorporate a smaller, angled grip. Luger's work on the Borchardt design evolved into the Luger pistol, first patented in 1898 and chambered in 7.65×21mm Parabellum. Demand for larger calibers in military sidearms led to Luger to develop the 9×19mm Parabellum cartridge for his new pistol. This was achieved by removing the bottleneck shape of the 7.65×21mm Parabellum case, resulting in a tapered rimless cartridge encasing a bullet that was 9mm in diameter. In 1902, Luger presented the new round to the British Small Arms Committee as well as three prototype versions to the U.S. Army for testing at Springfield Arsenal in mid-1903. The Imperial German Navy adopted the cartridge in 1904 and in 1908 the German Army adopted it as well. The ogive of the bullet was slightly redesigned in the 1910s in order to improve feeding. To conserve lead during World War II in Germany, the lead core was replaced by an iron core encased with lead. This bullet, identified by a black bullet jacket, was designated as the 08 mE (ドイツ語:''mit Eisenkern''—"with iron core"). By 1944, the black jacket of the 08 mE bullet was dropped and these bullets were produced with normal copper-colored jackets. Another wartime variation was designated the 08 sE bullet and identified by its dark gray jacket, and was created by compressing iron powder at high temperature into a solid material (ドイツ語:''Sintereisen''—"sintered iron"). 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「9×19mm Parabellum」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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